Without The State, segregation was untenable. Retweet
Martin Luther King, Jr. became a national figure in late-1955 when his colleagues chose him to lead the MIA (Montgomery Improvement Association). The MIA organized black citizens in a boycott against the city bus system after Rosa Parks, a local seamstress, was arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white man.
The 13-month long boycott is a tale of post-statism.
There’s a widespread, deeply embedded assumption that discrimination was an evil eradicated by The State, and that laws are the only thing that has prevented segregation’s return. That view overlooks important things…
- The federal government refused to hear the cries of oppressed African-American citizens from the 1870s to the 1950s!
- It was unelected judges, throughout the 1950s, who told elected local governments to stop their discriminatory practices.
- Congress finally cared enough to pass a law in 1964. So yes, a political response came. But the shameful delays shouldn’t be overlooked.
- Discrimination was enacted, enforced, and reinforced by local and state-level political policies. “Separate but equal” was a statist policy. It was voluntary action and social power that undid it.
This article focuses on this last point in the context of the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
- The Martin Luther King-led MIA pulled-off feats that were nothing short of incredible. Their carpool was a voluntaryist marvel.
- You’ll discover why Jim Crow racism needed The State.
- Unless you’re already familiar with the story, you’ll be stunned to learn the lengths to which the so-called “government” of Montgomery went to break the boycott, instead of reforming its own policies.
Even if many refuse to acknowledge this fact, The State (the entity many wrongly call government, but which actually uses criminal aggression and calls it law) is NOT the hero of the story.
Separate but unequal bus rides
In a March 1954 meeting, the WPC (Women’s Political Council) brought a list of complaints, about the bus system, to Montgomery Mayor W.A. Gayle. The list was ripe for reform, including items like…
- no black person should have to stand over vacant seats where a white person sat in the row
- a ban on making African-Americans pay at the front of the bus but only enter from the rear
All the WPC’s modest yet just requests were ignored. That prompted a follow-up by the WPC’s president, Jo Ann Robinson, two months later. Therein, the possibility of a boycott was raised.
More honorable to walk in dignity than ride in humiliation…
On Thursday, December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man. Her seat was in the first, black-permissible row of the bus. The event drew significant media coverage and was the main topic of discussion at church that Sunday. A one-day boycott was planned for Monday, the 5th. Black ridership fell by 90% that day. King himself was amazed, as he later wrote…
I jumped in my car and for almost an hour I cruised down every major street…I saw no more than eight Negro passengers riding the buses. I was jubilant. Instead of the 60 percent cooperation we had hoped for, it was becoming apparent that we had reached almost 100 percent. A miracle had taken place.
Before the day was over, the decision was made to extend the boycott, the MIA (Montgomery Improvement Association) was formed, and King was chosen to be the group’s first President.
The MIA had two hard-tasks:
- Participants needed to, first, be inspired to keep up the pressure for a prolonged period of time. Any activist leader knows this is no easy task — especially in the face of defeats.
- MIA had a huge logistical matter to solve on top of that. A bus was transportation to work. How would the MIA get the boycotters to their jobs?
Admittedly, some walked long distances. But that just wasn’t safe or practical for the most part. Carpools were arranged.
The MIA was a movement run through the churches. Some churches owned vehicles. Some church members owned cars that could be used too, and they volunteered to help. Churches and black-owned businesses permitted their parking lots and corners to be the gathering points for pick-ups and drop-offs. The MIA also did fundraising, outside of Alabama, gathering money to help African-American churches buy station wagons that could be used for the carpools.
The churches were also the conduit through which the MIA circulated information to the African-American community. Each week there was a meeting that rotated from church to church. There was singing and a sermon to help inspire everyone to continue through the struggle. But the meetings were also informative. They included updates about the battle and carpooling details.
Over 40,000 people participated. The boycott lasted for 381 days. The carpool involved about 300 vehicles. Pause to consider how difficult that must’ve been to administer because what comes next takes this Herculean organizational task and turns it into a spiritually-dark nightmare.
Six vicious ways politicians tried to break the boycott, rather than reform
First, the Montgomery bus system was a legal monopoly.
In the first days of the boycott, black taxi drivers offered rides for the same price as bus fare. The city threatened them with fines. The MIA responded by organizing carpools.
Monopolies are unnatural byproducts of state cronyism. Protecting certain companies from competition and telling cab drivers what minimum price they can charge are things only The State can do. Absent The State, competition would have ended segregated busing long before.
Second, city police zealously targeted the carpools for traffic violations.
Jo Ann Robinson, president of the WPC, would later write…
Hundreds of Black motorists were stopped, searched, questioned and given tickets for traffic violations. People who had never been accosted by policemen before were declared guilty of speeding or failing to recognize red lights, caution lights, or stop signs. I myself received 17 traffic tickets for all kinds of trumped-up charges.
Third, a 1921 Alabama law made business boycotts illegal.
King and nearly 90 other “boycott leaders” were arrested for violating that law. Only King was tried. He was quickly convicted by segregationist, Judge Eugene Carter. King was fined $500 (about $4,500 in 2018 dollars), and assessed court costs of another $500.
Fourth, carpool drivers had their insurance policies stripped.
Montgomery business leaders and officials reached out to state-regulated insurance companies. These regulated companies canceled auto policies for vehicles engaged in the carpools. Both church-owned vehicles and those of volunteers were affected. King got an insurance salesman at his church, Theodore Alexander, to locate new policies. Clearly, Lloyds of London was beyond the reach of Alabama politicians!
Now, it’s possible that a solitary business could care about a color other than green. But when an entire industry repudiates paying clients, something more sinister is going on — high-level collusion, coordinated by The State. Why didn’t one of the insurers seize a market opportunity? After all, businesses “break ranks” all the time and take explicitly contrary positions from their competitors. Marketing to a niche is a proven business strategy. And…
Even a monopoly doesn’t want to lose its customers. As it turns out, not even the bus company wanted that. By April, 1956, Montgomery Bus Line’s president declared…
“We are simply trying to do a transportation job, no matter what the color of the rider.”
Fifth, politicians compelled the bus company to enforce segregation.
Markets work. The boycott was hitting National City Lines, the parent company of Montgomery Bus Line, in the pocket. The Montgomery bus drivers were given a new company policy, in April — stop enforcing the segregation law. This is significant for two reasons…
- By code, bus drivers had police powers. They were charged with enforcing the segregation law. Montgomery politicians relied on the drivers to make their discriminatory law work. This part of Jim Crow was unviable without enforcement by bus drivers.
- The bus company’s new non-enforcement policy could’ve ended bus segregation. In other words, voluntary reaction instead of a judicial mandate could’ve been the resolution of it, except…
The City Commission threatened to arrest drivers who failed to enforce the segregation law. And the Alabama Public Service Commission informed National City Lines that there would be “consequences” if they followed-through on their new policy. Still…
Fearful these threats weren’t enough, the City also filed an injunction to block the bus company’s non-enforcement policy. The bus company resisted the injunction in court.
Sixth, came what should’ve been the death blow for the MIA carpool, an injunction.
The City of Montgomery sued the MIA for operating an illegal transportation service.
Alabama Judge Eugene Carter again rode to the rescue of his fellow-bigots. Carter issued an injunction ending the carpools on November 13, 1956. Fortunately, the Supreme Court ruled the same day that segregated, public bus systems were unconstitutional (Browder v. Gayle). But that still wasn’t quite the end of the boycott.
Instead of complying with the Supreme Court, city commissioners petitioned the court for reconsideration. The request was denied. But Mayor Gayle didn’t end the bus segregation until the reconsideration paperwork arrived, with finality, December 20. The mayor’s stalling meant that African-Americans went without a formal ride-sharing service for the final weeks of the boycott.
In a post-statist society, there’d be no such thing as an “illegal transportation service.” Under the post-statist approach — called consumer-controlled governance — NONE of these pro-segregationist acts could be carried out. No prior restraints could be placed on the free and peaceful operation of a publicly-demanded service.
What Jim Crow really is
As you look at the six statist actions described above, three things are clear…
- The State imposed segregation. Segregated buses was a Jim Crow law — emphasis on law.
- The State sustained segregation and was tragically unresponsive to a massive number of clients in a way few businesses could ever be.
- Voluntary action and social power were both sufficient to destroy segregation, only The State slowed the process.
An important lesson from the extraordinary work of Martin Luther King Jr and the MIA is that…
Without the State, segregation was untenable. Voluntary action desegregated Montgomery buses. Indeed, it’s hard to imagine such ugly discrimination as a working business model in a post-statist society.
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Another excellent article, Jim!
Interestingly, Dinesh d”Souza in his latest documentary went to some lengths to expose how a supposedly-democratic institution, the State of Alabama, came to adopt these vicious policies. In 1876, a terrorist organization that became the military arm of the Democratic Party, calling itself the Ku Klux Klan, lynched a Republican candidate for Congress and terrorized African-American voters into staying home on Election
Day. In the counties of Alabama’s “Black Belt”, where rich soils attracted vast plantations that had immorally bought many slaves to work that land, African Americans were the majority of voters. By using terrorism, the Democrat minority got the majority of voters to stay home, then voted themselves into power. Immediately upon seizing power, the Democrats systematically worked to deter the African American majority from voting.
Segregation, viewed in it’s political context, was nothing more than a seizure of political power, by a minority who sought to rule over a majority by force. The “offense” of Rosa Parks and of Dr King, was to stop pretending to be members of an inferior servant class, who owed certain favors to a superior master class. The Civil War had ended the actual master-servant relationship…no one could lawfully buy, sell, or own a slave any more. But the purpose of Segregation, was to preserve the appearance that there remained two classes of people, masters and servants…and that someday, when the hated Yankees were defeated, The South Would Rise Again.
Stripping the State of the means of spreading propaganda and lies, at taxpayer expense, is absolutely necessary for good government. The extreme efforts to which the rulers of Montgomery went, to preserve the appearance that African Americans were a servant class, bound to respect a master class, were affordable to those rulers, because they did not actually bear the cost of operating their statist institutions.
Taxpayers, including the ones most victimized by the policy, funded it. They had no choice.
This is one of the most pervasive myths of the Statists .
I clearly remember those days that it was the State and municipal governments which outlawed integration .
Now the prohibitions on citizens’ “right” to “discriminate” as opposed to just government monopolies has morphed into the attacks even the desire to live a normal life itself itself .
THANK YOU